Journal

Volume 20, Issue 1 (March 31, 2019)

5 articles

• Making Sense of Consciousness as Integrated Information: Evolution and Issues of Integrated Information Theory
  by Kyumin Moon, Hongju Pae
  J. CS. 2019, 20(1), 1-52;
  Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide an overall critical appraisal of Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of consciousness. We explore how it has evolved and what problems are involved in the theory. IIT is a hypothesis that explains the consciousness in terms of integrated information. It argu... [Read more].
  Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide an overall critical appraisal of Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of consciousness. We explore how it has evolved and what problems are involved in the theory. IIT is a hypothesis that explains the consciousness in terms of integrated information. It argues that the fundamental properties of experience can be properly analyzed and explained by physical systems’ informational properties. Throughout the last decade, there have been many advances in IIT’s theoretical structure and mathematical model. Also, like all hypotheses in the field of science of consciousness, IIT has given rise to several controversies and issues. In this context, IIT needs a critical survey. To this end, we first introduce fundamental concepts of IIT and related issues. After that, we discuss major transitions IIT has been through and point out related intra-model issues. Finally, in the last section, some theoretical, extra-model issues involved in IIT’s principles are presented. The article concludes by suggesting that, for the sake of future development, IIT should take metacognitive accessibility to experience more seriously.Keywords: Integrated Information Theory, the science of consciousness, consciousness, experience, qualia, panpsychism, metacognition [Collapse]
• Semantics and Pragmatics of Pure Indexical Reference
  by Yoko Mizuta
  J. CS. 2019, 20(1), 53-78;
  Abstract Kaplan (1989) proposed a semantic theory of pure indexicals, arguing that “I,” “here,” and “now’’ refer respectively to the agent, the place, and the time of the context of utterance. He focused on real-time, face-to-face communication, assuming “proper utterances,” that is, those utterances in whic... [Read more].
  Abstract Kaplan (1989) proposed a semantic theory of pure indexicals, arguing that “I,” “here,” and “now’’ refer respectively to the agent, the place, and the time of the context of utterance. He focused on real-time, face-to-face communication, assuming “proper utterances,” that is, those utterances in which the agent is located in the place and time of the context of utterance. Kaplan claimed that in proper utterances the proposition “I am here now” is logically true, that is, true in every context of utterance.In the past few decades, the semantics of pure indexicals has been discussed beyond the scope of the work of Kaplan. Recorded and written messages are now a central concern of the literature and the logical truth of “I am here now” needs to be reexamined. In these messages, pure indexical references are to be communicated through the discrepancy between the spatial and temporal locations that the speaker and the hearer are in.In the literature, factors such as the speaker’s intention and social conventions have been mentioned as playing a key role in the identification of pure indexical references. However, the relation between these factors has been left unclear. Also, it remains to be clarified whether or not Kaplan’s semantic theory needs to be modified in order to accommodate the cases of recorded and written messages.This paper investigates the identification of pure indexical references from both semantic and pragmatic perspectives. It presents a theory which involves a minimum extension of Kaplan’s theory, introducing the notion of the “salient context of utterance.” Specifically, this paper argues the following: 1) it proposes a semantic theory which claims that “I,” “here,” and “now’’ refer respectively to the agent, the place, and the time of the pragmatically determined salient context of utterance, 2) it argues that “I am here now” is true in every salient context of utterance and provides a solution to the so-called “answering machine paradox,” 3) it identifies multiple pragmatic factors which contribute to the identification of the salient context of utterance, and 4) it proposes a hierarchy for the ways in which these multiple factors apply.Keywords: Pure indexical reference; Recorded and written messages; Semantics; Pragmatic factors; Hierarchy [Collapse]
• The Illusion of Thinking in Metacognitive Monitoring of University Students
  by Oksana Shovkova, Ihor Pasichnyk
  J. CS. 2019, 20(1), 79-110;
  Abstract The article is based on the theoretical analysis of the concepts «illusion of thinking» and «metacognitive monitoring». The purpose of the paper is to find out the features of the illusion of thinking and to substantiate their importance in the metacognitive monitoring in the process of learning of ... [Read more].
  Abstract The article is based on the theoretical analysis of the concepts «illusion of thinking» and «metacognitive monitoring». The purpose of the paper is to find out the features of the illusion of thinking and to substantiate their importance in the metacognitive monitoring in the process of learning of university students. The role of illusion of thinking in metacognitive monitoring in the process of university students learning is analyzed.Keywords: metacognitive monitoring, illusion of thinking, cognitive illusion, learning activity, cognitive distortion, bias. [Collapse]
• Effect of Adaption-level and Range-frequency on Subjective Judgment
  by Sang Yun Seo, Sung Chan Cho, Hoon Young Lee
  J. CS. 2019, 20(1), 111-146;
  Abstract This study intends to provide a better understanding of the cognitive representation of reference points, and how consumers formulate their reference levels in a judgment task.To approach this issue, the range theory, the range-frequency theory, and the adaptation-level theory are compared while man... [Read more].
  Abstract This study intends to provide a better understanding of the cognitive representation of reference points, and how consumers formulate their reference levels in a judgment task.To approach this issue, the range theory, the range-frequency theory, and the adaptation-level theory are compared while manipulating the range and frequency of stimulus in a contextual set. This article comprises two studies that test the range effect and frequency effect. Study 1 examines the range effect on the attractiveness evaluated by subjects exposed to different ranges with the same number of stimuli in a context set. Study 2 examines the frequency effect on the attractiveness evaluated by subjects exposed to two context sets, each of which contains a different number of stimuli within identical ranges. In addition, we consider each prediction of subjective judgment using the range-frequency theory and the adaptation-level theory. The MANOVA results and the non-linear regression model fittings of the two studies reveal that the adaptation-level theory provides a sufficiently good cognitive representation of a reference point when subjects are simultaneously exposed to a series of stimuli. Furthermore, the adaptation-level outperformed the range effect as regards a consumer’s cognitive representation when the range is fixed, but the frequency varies within the context set.Keywords: reference point; subjective judgment; cognitive representation; adaptation-level, range-frequency effect [Collapse]
• A Large-scale Text Analysis with Word Embeddings and Topic Modeling
  by Won-Joon Choi, Euhee Kim
  J. CS. 2019, 20(1), 147-188;
  Abstract This research exemplifies how statistical semantic models and word embedding techniques can play a role in understanding the system of human knowledge. Intuitively, we speculate that when a person is given a piece of text, they first classify the semantic contents, group them to semantically similar... [Read more].
  Abstract This research exemplifies how statistical semantic models and word embedding techniques can play a role in understanding the system of human knowledge. Intuitively, we speculate that when a person is given a piece of text, they first classify the semantic contents, group them to semantically similar texts previously observed, then relate their contents with the group. We attempt to model this process of knowledge linking by using word embeddings and topic modeling. Specifically, we propose a model that analyzes the semantic/thematic structure of a given corpus, so as to replicate the cognitive process of knowledge ingestion. Our model attempts to make the best of both word embeddings and topic modeling by first clustering documents and then performing topic modeling on them. To demonstrate our approach, we apply our method to the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). In COCA, the texts are first divided by text type and then by subcategory, which represents the specific topics of the documents. To show the effectiveness of our analysis, we specifically focus on the texts related to the domain of science. First, we cull out science-related texts from various genres, then preprocess the texts into a usable, appropriate format. In our preprocessing steps, we attempt to fine-grain the texts with a combination of tokenization, parsing, and lemmatization. Through this preprocess, we discard words of little semantic value and disambiguate syntactically ambiguous words. Afterwards, using only the nouns from the corpus, we train a word2vec model on the documents and apply K-means clustering to them. The results from clustering show that each cluster represents each branch of science, similar to how people relate a new piece of text to semantically related documents. With these results, we proceed on to perform topic modeling on each of these clusters, which reveal latent topics cluster and their relationship with each other. Through this research, we demonstrate a way to analyze a mass corpus and highlight the semantic/thematic structure of topics in it, which can be thought as a representation of knowledge in human cognition.Keywords: LDA, human knowledge modeling, word embedding, word2vec, clustering of word vectors, K-means, LDA visualization, COCA [Collapse]