Journal

Volume 20, Issue 4 (December 31, 2018)

6 articles

• In Cognitive Science Memorium: Jaegwon Kim (1934 - 2019)
  by Chungmin Lee
  J. CS. 2019, 20(4), 0-;
  Abstract In Cognitive Science Memorium: Jaegwon Kim (1934 - 2019) [Read more].
  Abstract In Cognitive Science Memorium: Jaegwon Kim (1934 - 2019) [Collapse]
• Tracing the Physical Evidence of Memory
  by Dong Il Choi, Ji-il Kim, Bong-Kiun Kaang
  J. CS. 2019, 20(4), 433-448;
  Abstract Neuroscientists have been studying the location and mechanism of memory encoding in the brain. Co-activated neurons during memory acquisition undergo physical and physiological changes and are regarded as engrams. Until recently, as traditional approaches could not classify physical subjects of memo... [Read more].
  Abstract Neuroscientists have been studying the location and mechanism of memory encoding in the brain. Co-activated neurons during memory acquisition undergo physical and physiological changes and are regarded as engrams. Until recently, as traditional approaches could not classify physical subjects of memory, the existence of engrams remained elusive. In the recent decades, development of new research tools and techniques allowed labeling and modulation of the specific memory storage cell engram in particular brain regions. In this review, we summarize the concept of engrams, which encode memory ensembles. Further, we introduce the recent research strategies to identify and manipulate the engram cells. Moreover, we explain the new tool dual-eGRASP, which can distinguish the synapses originating from different populations of neurons. Finally, we propose the next steps to examine the synaptic maps among engram cells underlying memory formation.Keywords: Memory; Engram; Immediate early gene; Synapse; Dual-eGRASP [Collapse]
• Factivity Alternation of Attitude ‘know’ in Korean, Mongolian, Uyghur, Manchu, Azeri, etc. and Content Clausal Nominals
  by Chungmin Lee
  J. CS. 2019, 20(4), 449-508;
  Abstract It was discovered in the literature (Lee 1978, 1999; Kiefer 1978, Őzyildiz 2017, Lee 2017) that the epistemic attitude report ‘know’ in Korean, Turkish, and Hungarian reveal factivity alternation and this rare phenomenon has been recently investigated also in such Altaic languages as Mongolian, Uygh... [Read more].
  Abstract It was discovered in the literature (Lee 1978, 1999; Kiefer 1978, Őzyildiz 2017, Lee 2017) that the epistemic attitude report ‘know’ in Korean, Turkish, and Hungarian reveal factivity alternation and this rare phenomenon has been recently investigated also in such Altaic languages as Mongolian, Uyghur, Manchurian, and Azerbaijan, as first reported here. The attitude report ‘know’ in most languages so far known typically selects for a factive complement (Kiparsky and Kiparsky 1970, Hintikka 1975 a.o.). One generalization made is that nominalized complements tend to convey a factive reading, while non-nominal ones tend not to (Kastner 2015, Moulton 2015 a.o.). This work demonstrates that for a clause selected by a cognitive epistemic attitude verb to have a factive reading, it bears a nominal (D) feature with a structural case, whereas a clause for a non-factive reading, it does not, in alternation languages and possibly beyond. This work shows that a nominalized clause with the internal type ‘pro-fact’ noun –(u)n kes in Korean (and in Japanese as well with koto), witness-based, is factively presupposed by itself and contradicted if predicated by negated veracious adjectives in a veridicality test. It is embedded also by a doxastic verb such as mit- ‘believe.’ The non-factive alternants of ‘know’ in all the languages logically belong to the doxastic category of ‘believe’, though with implication of evidential justification in distinction with the real ‘believe,’ undergoing neg-raising, revealing their anti-rogativity. Thus, more weight is given to complements typing than to attitude reports typing.Keywords: factive, presupposition, non-factive ‘know’, factivity alternation, attitude reports, ‘pro-fact’ noun clausal complementation, small clause, adverbial anaphor [Collapse]
• Code Mixing in Talk Show Program on Radio between Indonesian and English
  by Tien Rafida
  J. CS. 2019, 20(4), 493-509;
  Abstract This study aims to describe the code mixing events in the language used by the broadcasters and the guest stars in a talk show program at 106.6 FM of V Radio and describes the contributing factors of code mixing in the language used by the broadcasters and the guest stars in the talk show program in... [Read more].
  Abstract This study aims to describe the code mixing events in the language used by the broadcasters and the guest stars in a talk show program at 106.6 FM of V Radio and describes the contributing factors of code mixing in the language used by the broadcasters and the guest stars in the talk show program in 106.6 FM of V Radio. The design of this research is a descriptive qualitative. This research data is sourced from 106.6 FM of V Radio station. This research data is in the form of broadcasters and guest speakers that contains mixing elements of English into the structure of the Indonesian language. The data collection method used in this research is the method of listening not participating. The results showed that the mixing code that occurs during the talk show program is the code mixing that is the insertion of elements of English into the Indonesian language. The code mixings found are in the form of words, phrases, and clauses. The causal factors that cause the code mixings are the factors of (1) habit, (2) informal situation and topic of conversation, and (3) background of the speaker and the language.Some code mixings in the dialogue using Indonesia and English language found in conversation between Guest and Broadcaster are: booming, memorable, virgin, view, listener, next time, wish, etc.Keywords: code mixing, talk show program, language, Radio 106.6 FM Meda, Indonesia [Collapse]
• Endogenous and Exogenous Effects on a Driving-Simulation Task
  by Jose L. Vilchez
  J. CS. 2019, 20(4), 509-538;
  Abstract The present work tests the effect of attentional distractors on participants' path movement. This influence on movement was measured, in a series of three experiments, both as an involuntary deviations in the trajectory in a tracking task and as the probability of taking the left/right-branch in a Y... [Read more].
  Abstract The present work tests the effect of attentional distractors on participants' path movement. This influence on movement was measured, in a series of three experiments, both as an involuntary deviations in the trajectory in a tracking task and as the probability of taking the left/right-branch in a Y-junction of a simulated road. The effects found in previous works have shown relevant implications for road safety. None of previous theoretical models are able to account for most of present and those previous results. Three different attentional cues were used to test if the path movement of University students was influenced. Endogenous and exogenous attentional cues were used in a series of the three experiment. Data show the key role of both the meaning per se of cues and the context--in which these cues are presented--in determining the kind of effect on movement. The most relevant result is that participants approach to the location in which traffic signs were presented. In this sense, I discuss the relevance of the results from a cognitive-ergonomic point of view. Regarding its theoretical contribution, findings support recently-proposed accounts for the relationship between attention and movement (MDRA model).Keywords: MDRA model, exogenous cue, endogenous cue, movement, driving, tracking task [Collapse]
• Pigeon Inspired Optimization of Bayesian Network Structure Learning and a Comparative Evaluation
  by Shahab Wahhab Kareem, Mehmet Cudi Okur
  J. CS. 2019, 20(4), 539-556;
  Abstract Bayesian networks are useful analytical models for designing the structure of knowledge in machine learning. Probabilistic dependency relationships among the variables can be represented by Bayesian networks. One strategy of a structure learning Bayesian Networks is the score and search technique. I... [Read more].
  Abstract Bayesian networks are useful analytical models for designing the structure of knowledge in machine learning. Probabilistic dependency relationships among the variables can be represented by Bayesian networks. One strategy of a structure learning Bayesian Networks is the score and search technique. In this paper, we present a new method for structure learning of the Bayesian network which is based on Pigeon Inspired Optimization (PIO) Algorithm. The proposed algorithm is a simple one with fast convergence rate. In nature, the navigational ability of pigeons is unbelievable and highly impressive. In accordance with the PIO search algorithm, a set of directed acyclic graphs is defined. Every graph owns a score which shows its fitness. The algorithm is iterated until it gets the best solution or a satisfactory network structure using map and compass, and landmark operator. In this work, the proposed method compared with Simulated Annealing, Bee optimization and Simulated Annealing as a hybrid algorithm, Bee optimization and Greedy search as a hybrid algorithm, and Greedy Search using BDeu score function. We also investigated the confusion matrix performances of the methods. The paper presents the results of extensive evaluations of these algorithms based on common benchmark data sets. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the other algorithms and produces higher scores and accuracy values.Keywords: Bayesian network, structure learning, pigeon inspired optimization, globalsearch, local search, search and score.*Dr. Shahab Wahab's affiliation has been changed to Information System Engineering, Erbil Polytechnic University.  [Collapse]